計算機網路(2)

How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network? All links are 1.536 Mb/s and each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec.

這是今天的第一個題目,正確的解答應該是這樣的:因為是 Circuit Switching ,所以可以計算得到每個 slot 被分配到的傳輸速率為 1.536Mbps / 24 = 64Kbps ,故而要傳送640Kb的數據需要 640Kb / 64Kbps = 10s。

Suppose users share a 1Mbps link. Also suppose each user requires 100Kbps when transmitting, but each user transmits only 10 percent of the time. a) Suppose there are 40 users. Find the probability that at any given time, exactly n users are transmitting simultaneously. b) Find the probability that there are 10 or more users transmitting simultaneously.

這是第二題,很顯然,每個主機傳送數據的概率是 0.1 ,這裡要注意的是傳輸資料的概率與主機的數量無關,而只與時間段的分割有關。所以接下來的 a 題就容易解答了: p(n) = C(40,n) * 0.1^n * (1 - 0.1)^(40-n) 。然後 b 題的答案很清楚了。

ASCII 與 EBCDIC

Delay

關於這一節,可以參考這篇文章,我在這裡稍作整理以便學習。 Delay 主要可以分為四種: nodal processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, propagation delay

在網路上, nodal processing delay 、 transmission delay 與 propagation delay 都可根據相關參數(如封包大小、網路卡傳送速度等)計算所需時間,只有 queuing delay 必須根據網路當時情形才能獲知所需時間,因此 queuing delay 的變動性最大。描述 queuing delay 程度可以用 traffic intensity ,也就是 La/R (L: the length of the packet, a(packets/sec): the average rate at which packets arrive to the queue, R(bits/sec): the transmission rate)

顯然,只有當 traffic intensity 小於1的時候才是順暢的,接近於1已經是擁擠了,而超過1太多的話……因為隊列不可能是無限的,所以必然會導致包的丟失。